01

Different output types

Bitcoin's ECDSA and Schnorr authorization rely on elliptic-curve discrete logarithms. Both face a sufficiently capable quantum attacker. P2PK and Taproot expose public keys before spending; other formats conceal them until a spend.

02

Concealment is not migration

Spending reveals keys in relevant formats, and address reuse can extend exposure. Concealed public keys do not remove the need for a protocol transition.

03

An ecosystem decision

Dormant funds, upgrade activation and user migration introduce difficult coordination questions. Our research follows them without inventing an attack countdown.

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Chaincode LabsBitcoin and post-quantum cryptography